Beyond GLP-1 Agonists: An Adaptive Ketogenic-Mediterranean Protocol to Counter Metabolic Adaptation in Obesity Management

Autores de IIS La Fe

• Javier Flor San Onofre

  Autor

• Juan Francisco Merino Torres

  Autor

• José Miguel Soriano Del Castillo

  Autor

Participantes ajenos a IIS La Fe

• García-Gorrita, C

Grupos

• Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Endocrinología, Nutrición y Dietética clínica

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Long-term obesity management consistently fails due to two major barriers: poor adherence, exacerbated by ultra-processed foods with addictive potential, and post-weight loss metabolic adaptation that reduces energy expenditure by approximately 500 kcal/day. Current paradigms-static diets and GLP-1 receptor agonists-address these barriers only partially. The objectives of this thesis-driven review are: (1) to conduct a focused evidence-mapping of Ketogenic-Mediterranean Diet (KMD) protocols; (2) to analyze why existing protocols have not explicitly countered metabolic adaptation; and (3) to present the Adaptive Ketogenic-Mediterranean Protocol (AKMP). Methods: Hybrid methodology-an argumentative narrative review anchored by a structured evidence-mapping search (PRISMA-style flow for transparency). Results: We identified 29 studies implementing KMD protocols with significant weight loss and superior adherence. However, none of the published protocols explicitly implement anti-adaptive strategies, despite an estimated ketogenic metabolic advantage (approximate to 100-300 kcal/day), context-dependent and more consistently observed in longer trials and during weight-maintenance settings. Conclusions: Unlike GLP-1 receptor agonists-which primarily suppress appetite, require ongoing pharmacotherapy, and do not directly mitigate the decline in energy expenditure-the AKMP couples a Mediterranean foundation for adherence with a ketogenic metabolic advantage and a biomarker-guided adjustment system explicitly designed to counter metabolic adaptation, aiming to improve the durability of weight loss and patient self-management. As a theoretical construct, the AKMP requires confirmation in prospective, controlled studies; accordingly, we outline a pragmatic 24-week pilot design in "Pragmatic Pilot Trial to Validate the AKMP-Incretin Sequencing".

Keywords

• ketogenic Mediterranean diet; metabolic adaptation; adaptive thermogenesis; personalized nutrition; weight loss maintenance; obesity management; GLP-1 receptor agonists; dynamic dietary protocols; nutritional ketosis